Prof. Rydin first raised the discussion about the mobility of theories. She pointed out that we usually do research globally but use theories developed in certain regions, especially Euro-American contexts. She shared inspirations from Roy (2011) to emphasise the materiality of theory building.

The global mobility of theoretical ideas and urban processes takes four forms, including imposition, resistance to the imposition, endogenous out-reach and ignoring sites. Then, Prof. Rydin reflected on urban planning studies and theories based on the four categories. She encouraged PhD students to extend/revise existing theories during the literature review, before and after empirical study. 

Using discourse analysis as an exemplar, she illustrated various theoretical frameworks underpinning this method. Details for some frameworks may not be appropriate to travel across regions. Hence, not just theory but also method may also need to be adjusted in particular studies.  She concluded that we should be aware of the specific contexts of theory building but also wary of isolationism. 

Dr Fangzhu Zhang reflected on Prof. Rydin’s talk. She highlighted the importance of understanding Chinese characteristics in urban studies on the one hand and contribute to the broad theory building on the other. 

In the final discussion session, Prof. Rydin answered questions raised by the audience. They mainly discussed the balance between particularism and generalisation when designing research frameworks and conducting research. Prof. Rydin especially pointed out that the testing process is inevitable to apply theories into cross-national contexts.